DEL SINGULAR CONGRESO DEL FUTURO A LOS FUTUROS INTERSTICIALES.

Del singular Congreso del Futuro a los Futuros Intersticiales. 1. Lo que sabemos de lo singular que toda persona debe conocer. Las personas distinguimos a un animal de la electricidad porque sus propiedades, características, atributos son diferentes. Cada uno es una singularidad puesto que solo la electricidad es similar a ella y lo mismo ocurre con el primero. Las personas nos movemos de manera muy fluida en un mundo de múltiples singularidades y somos capaces de relacionarlas de muy diversas manera, algunas son relaciones simples otras son más complejas, algunas son verbales, otras escritas, algunas se prestan para rimas y otras para poesía. Estas relaciones que hacemos las personas son fundamentales para comprender, por ejemplo: “si a un animal le da la corriente eléctrica” sentirá algo no grato y seguramente tratará de hacerse a un lado para no repetir la experiencia. Eso sigue siendo supuestamente un raciocinio normal y aceptable para el animal, dada su reacción de rechazo. La identificación de las características de la electricidad no es una cuestión simple, sea como corriente o como estática. Y lo que ha realmente ocurrido es que de todos los atributos que tiene la electricidad y de todas las características que tiene el animal el hecho de dar la corriente y sentirla se produce sólo por algunos de ellos. La electricidad tiene varias características, se sabe que es: carga, energía, electrones, campo, estática, corriente, o potencia, amperes, ohm, watt, etc. y para que el animal (que es cuerpo, cabeza, patas, cola, orejas, vísceras, etc.) se sienta atacado sólo algunas de sus características le producirán dolor, herida y hasta la muerte. En todo caso no queremos que un animal sea tocado por la corriente eléctrica. Una primera conclusión. Los seres humanos somos tan completos que cuando nos referimos unos a otros nos damos por enterados de que conocemos cada singularidad, de la que hablamos, escuchamos o escribimos, en forma completa y que a nuestros interlocutores les ocurre lo mismo. Pero eso no es así. Quien escribe esto sabe muy poco de electricidad y muy poco de animales y sin embargo cualquier personas que se enfrenta a que “si a un animal le da la corriente” entenderá, cada uno a su manera, que debe haber sido dolorosa para el animal o hasta fatal y que es posible que haya una o más personas que sean responsables de que el animal haya sido afectado por la corriente. Y sí pasamos de las dos singularidades iniciales a nuevas singularidades aparte de las que participan en el contacto. Esas nuevas singularidades se refieren a las personas que pueden ser responsables del accidente del animal y llegamos a otra singularidad “el accidente” y así nos movemos con una gran soltura, como si todo lo que decimos o escuchamos es porque lo conocemos en sus rasgos más representativos. Por eso queremos resaltar que siendo el “Congreso del Futuro 2019” un aporte al conocimiento sobre algunos posibles avances que verá la humanidad la mayor parte de sus aportes son de singularidades. Por ejemplo se mencionan singularidades como: especie, holoceno, alimentación, planeta y decenas más. Una segunda conclusión. Vivimos en un mundo donde nos vemos obligados a manejarnos entre múltiples singularidades y a relacionarlas a nuestra mejor comprensión. En los párrafos anteriores se la una constatación de una forma que se emplea para unir dos o más singularidades. Pero es importante ampliar el tema, porque las personas somos afectadas permanentemente por cuestiones semejantes. Si Ud. es estudiante de educación básica se habrá dado cuenta que cada materia es una singularidad: matemática, historia o biología. Si conoce de universidades se habrá dado cuenta que hay diferentes carreras y títulos para ellas: medicina, ingeniería, derecho o diseño, que son otras singularidades. Si asiste al Congreso Nacional se encontrará con diferentes comisiones: economía, trabajo o relaciones exteriores y que decir de los ministerios: interior, justicia, trabajo, cultura o deportes, todos terrenos singulares. Y lo que ocurre es que cada persona, por diferentes motivos, tiene que relacionar las materias, las carreras o las comisiones y como lo hace de una manera muy personal, con conocimiento propio y generalmente no estudiado ni explicado, podemos dudar del grado de comprensión al que alcanza. Y podemos vivir sin darle mayor importancia a este hecho. Pero lo que es común es que el mundo se ha desarrollado a través de las singularidades y si uno se remonta a la antigüedad, que está descrita de muchas maneras en la historia de la humanidad, podrá descubrir con facilidad desde donde viene este tema, que de una manera simple procede desde hace 20 o 50 siglos o desde mucho antes. Sin duda que la humanidad se ha desarrollado y evolucionado por la contribución que hacen las singularidades y quienes las practican y no tenemos dudas de que este será un camino dominante en el futuro. Y desde luego respetamos y apoyamos a quienes las practican y en especial a aquellos que la desarrollan y proveen nuevos conocimientos a la sociedad. Al mismo tiempo hay que reconocer las barreras que se establecen con el estado de avance y de progreso de algunas singularidades. Las personas cuando tienen que enfrentarse a las singularidades que no dominan o sobre las cuales tiene escaso o nulo conocimiento y comprensión pueden hacer preguntas y obtener respuesta pero su grado de comprensión está delimitado por su bagaje de conocimiento. Por eso: ¿Cuántas personas pueden dialogar con una comprensión similar con un abogado, con un ingeniero civil o con un médico? Muy pocas personas, pero sin embargo tienen que hacerlo en muchas oportunidades. ¿Y qué se puede anticipar y decir de la comprensión de muchos asistentes sobre algunos o varios de los temas singulares que se incluyen el Congreso del Futuro 2019? En otras palabras, hay singularidades que llegan a ser unas enormes barreras entre las personas. Por ejemplo, la filosofía o la inteligencia artificial son singularidades que le dan temor a la mayoría de las personas porque no están en condiciones de entablar una conversación razonable sobre sus propiedades, usos y abusos, y por lo tanto lo mejor es muy posible que decidan olvidarse que existen. Una tercera conclusión. Los seres humanos han desarrollado múltiples formas para unir las singularidades en las que se desenvuelven. Otra de las formas más empleadas para unir las singularidades es simplemente juntarlas, como se dice al comienzo, sin importar mucho que es lo que se hace con las propiedades, los atributos o las características de cada una (sean o no conocidas por los interlocutores) y como se supone que todos hemos aprendido a hacerlo podemos escuchar un discurso en el que se empiece hablando de la tasa de interés, luego se pase a hablar del endeudamiento de la juventud, se siga con los vicios que conducen a ese endeudamiento y se termine con la necesidad que haya leyes que restrinjan los créditos a los menores de edad. Aquí nos encontramos con por lo menos las siguientes singularidades: la tasa de interés, el endeudamiento, los vicios y las leyes, cada una con sus propias características que el orador supone son bien dominadas por su audiencia. Lo cual como es más o menos habitual (otra singularidad) no son bien dominadas por una audiencia no especializada. Y por eso hay tantas charlas donde los que asisten son los expertos en una determinada singularidad, aunque se trate de divulgarla para que lo conozcan personas que dominan otras singularidades y los cuales podrían ser consumidores de la primera.. Una cuarta conclusión. Hay un abuso impresionante de muchas singularidades de entregar la responsabilidad de su comprensión a unas capacidades no conocidas de interrelacionar de sus audiencias. Una quinta conclusión. Cuando llegamos al avance de la singularidad de este artículo que es “la interrelación de singularidades” lo que estamos comprometidos a conseguir es que debe haber muchas razones para que, por una parte, nos sintamos más bien cómodos de hacer relaciones entre singularidades en toda nuestra vida sin que nos hayamos preguntado de qué manera aprendimos a hacerlo y cuán certero o erróneo es el resultado que estamos obteniendo cada vez que lo hacemos, así como los beneficios y los riesgos de esta forma de proceder y, por otra parte, por qué el vacío de conocimiento que hay entre las singularidades que lo suplimos a riesgo personal no se ha planteado como tema importante de reflexión y de desarrollo del conocimiento humano. . Según nosotros el conocimiento intersticial sale a intentar reducir las barreras de las singularidades y a abrir un mundo de nuevos conocimientos. Este tema lo trataremos en un nuevo artículo que publicaremos más adelante, una vez que los lectores hayan reconocido que viven entre singularidades. La razón principal de esta decisión es que para aceptar un nuevo conocimiento: el conocimiento intersticial, en relación a que vivimos entre singularidades, se debe reconocer que como no lo conozco, una primera reacción a su presentación sea al rechazo del concepto. Por lo tanto, si reconoce que vive entre singularidades y le interesa adentrarse en nuevos cominos, lo invitamos a leer el nuevo y futuro artículo sobre conocimiento intersticial. Y hablando de los futuros: 1 Damos nuestra bienvenida al nuevo Ministerio de la Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación el que esperamos que sea cuidadoso con el desarrollo, divulgación y aplicación de las singularidades de manera que se concentre para no demorar más el aporte al desarrollo nacional. 2 Y esperamos que en el “Congreso del Futuro 2020”, entre tanta singularidad se destine por lo menos una charla a dar a conocer lo que es, sus características y los avances que se pueden lograr con el conocimiento intersticial y con algunos de sus ejemplos de logros a nivel local y mundial. Y todo esto a costo cero en moneda nacional y son costear viajes y viáticos.

INTERSTIITIAL KNOWLEDGE: NEW PARADIGM.

Interstitial knowledge: New world paradigm. Beyond natural, serial and exponential knowledge. Carlos Olavarría Aranguren and Omar Villanueva Olmedo . olibar Int'l Consultants. Santiago, Chile. November 2018. Summary. The following is a presentation of some of the means used to produce knowledge that serves as the basis for innovations to meet new needs, or current needs, with more productive, broader and more accessible solutions for millions of people. Four known methods to develop knowledge are shown: natural, singular, exponential and "Medici effect" that have a wide use and their benefits have been very important for humanity. Second, we describe a fifth form of knowledge development that we call "interstitial" that gives birth to "zones of plural interstitial innovation". This is a novel finding that originates a systematic expansion of knowledge when working with two or more elements or independent themes (that do not have relations among themselves) and their attributes and that, therefore, between them there is an emptiness or interstitium of knowledge, which can be filled, through the attributes of these or other elements in order to achieve a previously unknown result, that is, a new knowledge, which can be transformed, by technology effects, into products or services that solve a current need or one not previously recognized. The incorporation of this way of developing knowledge in a public institution, in a university or in a multi-business company, should result in a powerful element to generate new professions, new businesses, new jobs and new innovations that should be part of corporate and business strategies since their results may lead to the need to incorporate businesses that are far from the core, while at the same time requiring the inclusion, in very diverse relationships, of professionals of very different specialties than those they have been habitual. In this stage of incorporation of the concept of interstitial we have found some allies and an important resistance on the part of many academics, students, managers of companies and people in general. Index. Page I. INTRODUCTION: WHY IS KNOWLEDGE SO FUNDAMENTAL? 3 II. KNOWLEDGE AND NATURAL INNOVATION. 4 III. THREE TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE AND SYSTEMATIC INNOVATIONS. 5 1 The rapid, traditional and dominant advance of singular knowledge and its serial aspect. 5 2 The spectacular development of exponential knowledge and exponential innovation. 7 3 The Knowledge and innovation product of the Medici Effect. 8 IV. EMERGING KNOWLEDGE AND PLURAL INTERSTITIAL INNOVATION. 9 1 Preamble. 9 2 A new method for the advancement of knowledge is born: the interstitial. 10 3 From universal knowledge to interstitial knowledge. 11 4 The concept. 12 5 The origins of the PIKIZ concept. 13 6 The interstices. 14 7 The new knowledge for new innovations. 14 8 A pilot example of PIKIZ. 15 9 A methodology to relate elements with interstices. 16 10 A methodology to achieve new knowledge and interstitial innovations. 16 V. CHALLENGES FOR PLURAL INTERSTITIAL INNOVATION. 18 1 Some weaknesses in the use of traditional knowledge. 18 2 Why has interstitial knowledge not developed? 19 3 Training of professionals. 20 4 Some of the fields that we consider are conducive to the development of interstitial knowledge. 20 VI. Conclusions 21 ANNEX. Guideline for a workshop for interstitial knowledge and innovations. 22 Bibliography. 23 I. INTRODUCTION: WHY IS KNOWLEDGE SO FUNDAMENTAL? Knowledge is used in all human activities and represents a basis for the development of much of the interpersonal and larger groups relationships and the progress, that society has to develop in an increasingly advanced way from the present to the future, that is, between the truth of the now and the unknown of the future, and many of the decisions that are made in the world are framed in this relationship. The process of developing new knowledge, in order for it to be successful, must lead to better relationships between people, a greater and better understanding of the environment in which we move and in developing solutions to old problems or new problems faced by societies. That is why we come to agree that using new methods to develop knowledge helps to promote progress, by incorporating innovations that arise from this new knowledge. Some of this new knowledge results in powerful concepts that, when used to produce innovations lead to the development of new products or real or virtual services with a local or global impact. The incorporation of innovations in products and services is now commonplace, the smartphone being a routine example of how it has changed what was an old, black, heavy, scarce and expensive device and how it has evolved into a multipurpose tool and functional, which has displaced dozens of products and services in the world. If many people and institutions do not want to recognize that this type of disruption is in force and that it is accelerating, it is simply because they want to ignore the rapid development of science, technology and the demands of each community and the world. It is also known that many changes will come in very different areas and sectors that today are important locally and globally and that these activities are affected or undergoing transformations due to the increase of knowledge and the respective innovations that arise as a result of the use of new technologies. On the other hand, scientists, engineers, executives, entrepreneurs, and other professionals, technicians or self-taught people who are working with different areas of knowledge and innovation activities, tend to anticipate the problems they will solve with their jobs, the needs they will satisfy, the advances that have been made and the benefits that will be obtained once the expected results of their work are achieved: knowledge, projects and ventures. These topics are an important part of what has been presented each year in many of the talks, conferences and meetings that include, for example, the "Congresos del Futuro" and thousands of similar events around the world. They present very different works and news of knowledge development and its innovations and highlight the effects and the steps that are expected to be followed in each of those hundreds of announcements and the contributions that will be achieved when they are constituted in real objects, services or processes and providing the supposed benefits that were anticipated by their promoters. These contributions and proposals arise from the communities that invest, research and consume in specialized matters such as: agriculture, food, livestock and fisheries; or health, genetics, medicine, pharmacopoeia, equipment; or housing, support, comfort, flexibility; or transportation, vehicles, roads; or air, sea and land; or tourism, entertainment, art, hotels and restaurants; or in national or international trade; or education in its different levels, development of science and knowledge, in situ or distributed; or in communications, media, coverage, territoriality, and multiple areas and sectors of recognized importance in current and future life. Certainly the contributions will almost always be bounded and biased by their particular visions, knowledge and interests. However, in the face of innovating, it is essential that governments, congresses, judicial systems and university rectories incorporate it and make contributions, unless they want to become more and more cumbersome, expensive, inefficient, while obstructing, delaying or reducing with their measures the race of knowledge and innovation and with it the development of their respective nations and institutions. There are different mechanisms, processes and methods that are used to develop knowledge and achieve innovation. Each area or sector of manufacturing activity or services (public and private) uses large volumes of different knowledge and often it application result on one or more innovations. Among those innovations are some that are applied quickly, others are recognized to become applicable or to be commercialized very soon and other changes that, although they are more far away, are still present in the strategic decisions made in different institutions. Most of these alternative options are intended to respond to real problems or to poorly met or emerging needs as part of the continuum of the development of societies. The study of knowledge and the approaches of the forms that are used to increase it is a branch of philosophy: epistemology. This is about the theory of knowledge, as well as the nature of it, in its different forms, empirical or scientific, resulting from a learning achieved through centuries of acquiring new knowledge, applying them to real situations and concluding that what is known is not enough to achieve adequate results . In this work we intend to provide a greater understanding of reality of the known through the methods that have taken us to the threshold of what we do not know, and whose principles and details are developed below. The knowledge industry is of extraordinary dimensions, as shown by the figures of the World Bank , both in the billions of people who have some formal study, by the millions of professors, by the enormous investments that are made each year to put to work the millions of educational establishments, the billions that represent copyright, the sales of publishers in educational material, and a great etcetera that moves hundreds of companies and billions of people and represents an economic sector of importance in almost all developed and developing countries. On the other hand, for instance, education is an atomized industry, where competition, in some levels and in some countries, is of great importance, but there are also countries in which the State, for example, is the main monopoly of it. Given that there are many institutions, companies and individuals that participate or are subjects of the knowledge and education industry, its design, operation and updating does not leave indifferent to most governments, politicians, intellectuals and people in general. This is the industry that handles mainly the economic, social and cultural development in the world and, therefore, its development and growth it is one of its major concerns. Within its field of competence is very widespread the concentration of knowledge in countless compartments that allow to give consistency to its bases, its contents, its assumptions and its forms of presentation for delivery in different methods and means of dissemination and teaching. This is clearly established in primary and secondary education (courses in mathematics, languages, biology, etc.) and is even more emphasized in higher education (engineering, medicine, sociology, etc.). In the case of education, which is the one that distributes and provides much of the knowledge, some professionals have particular views, such as with Georgia Nugent , which says "that it is paradoxical that in times when the world is becoming more complex encourage young people to specialize by narrowing their paths and horizons”. For our part, we believe that the accumulation and distribution of knowledge has been a fundamental contribution to the development of humanity and that too many centuries of repetition have passed and that other forms of creation, accumulation and distribution of knowledge in the world should be sought. II. KNOWLEDGE AND NATURAL INNOVATION. To a great extent, the development of humanity is a product of the knowledge that is being achieved and of the successive innovations that it has been incorporating for the satisfaction of needs, which have accompanied the human being from its origins in a way that is innate to its evolution. It can be considered that many of these knowledge and these innovations have been the result of reactive actions to real and contingent problems. However, at present, some areas are recognized in which knowledge and innovations are produced that help human beings to think, plan and execute them in order to arrive at contributions that advance in the achievement of satisfactions for people and for business. Until now, at least one type of knowledge that can be called "natural or vulgar or empirical" is recognized because it arises from the routine of relations between people and groups as a way of understanding, helping, exchanging, defending, or entrenching oneself, that is not subjected to a critical review, nor is it systematic and that is usually superficial and subjective, but that is quickly incorporated into daily life. The bases of this knowledge are rather limited or unknown to the interlocutors, but they are essential to maintain permanent or circumstantial relationships. In turn, from this knowledge arise in the minds of many people innovations that they believe could be transformed into objects or services capable of representing a new way of solving one or more problems that people or companies have and it is very possible that in the process of empirically innovating have obtained knowledge that they did not have before, as is that innovation. Many of these people who innovated may never have done this kind of adventure before, inspired by intuition and persistence, and they will even have made ventures to reproduce their innovation and commercialize it. Natural innovation is the most typical of innovations because it is not intended to improve something in which the person is necessarily at that time and we assume that it is the most used field, today, by millions of people who recognize that if they develop an innovation , that they earn income, can be a great success in their life. This type of innovation is sometimes closer to the invention and does not respond to, or is not part of, an explicit preliminary view, which increases its failure rate, and most of these remain unregistered. III THREE TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE AND SYSTEMATIC INNOVATIONS. In the field of systematic knowledge we can distinguish several types that are intimately related to their development and growth and we distinguish for our purpose the following: (a) singular knowledge and its serial aspect, (b) exponential knowledge and (c) knowledge that emerges from the Medici Effect. Each of these types has led to results that are having an impact on innovation processes throughout the world, both in companies, entrepreneurs and startups. 1 The rapid, traditional and dominant advance of singular knowledge and its serial aspect. We live in a world full of scientific contributions that will take life away from Earth, to Mars and beyond the Sun; there will be tiny artifacts in our bodies to help us stay healthy or recover from any discomfort; there will be many factories-buildings to cultivate what is now done in the field, and much more, all thanks to advances in knowledge and science and the products and services of new sectors and industries. This process, carried out since past times, has been accentuated in recent decades. And we observe that it is expanding thanks to the contribution of new knowledge, as well as the innovations made by thousands of scientists, companies and enterprises in all countries. For this development to occur, it has been necessary for many people to accentuate their work in the particular knowledge areas they dominate. And thanks to the systematic effort to go further they make discoveries that dazzle us every day and that fall in love with many technologies such as anti-seismic engineering, the Internet of Things (IOT), genetics, robotization, nanotechnology, virtual reality , artificial intelligence, new materials and many others. Without forgetting that behind these advances there are other people, companies and institutions that make efforts, also with the use of knowledge, to produce destructive or antidevelopment actions. It is important to distinguish that for purposes of this document we use the term "singular" not only to represent a unique physical object or a concept, or its general representation, since we extend it to the set of objects and concepts that make up the different legal systems that are found in very different fields, such as in basic education, where we recognize that the content of a course is unique: arithmetic, physics or soccer. In the case of higher education we refer to careers that train professionals and technicians, such as: medicine, design, pedagogy, pharmacology, genetics or law. Or in the case of the public function, it refers to each of its divisions in terms of ministries: health, housing, or transportation; and in legislation when working in committees of: sport, constitution, foreign relations or others. The growth of a large part of the knowledge areas is the result of the advances made in the different singularities that we have identified, that is, the development of a topic that is unique and, therefore, is different to all the rest, as happens, for example, with design, medicine, engineering, production, or with space travel. And these particular developments are due to the application of the traditional "scientific method " that the respective community uses to answer questions, make observations, experiment and reach conclusions. It is a rational, factual, objective, methodical and self-corrective method that allows establishing new knowledge about different topics, fields or singular domains. To the extent that unique knowledge is applied and faced with new situations in which it is not capable of producing, for example, acceptable results or failure, it requires that efforts be made to determine how these expected results can be achieved. And for that, we resort to research, alternative tests, confrontation with other solutions, until, if the problem is solved, it is because we have obtained, generally, a knowledge that did not exist, for the practitioner or for the humanity, even before this effort. And in this way, each advance constitutes a stage of a series that is repeated in most of the singular knowledge. However, this or any singular knowledge that is increasingly deeper contains ignorance, or does not consider much of the knowledge that is outside its sphere, as well as the plurality and diversity of universal knowledge, hence the popular ceteris paribus in economy to indicate that, in general, the results obtained with advanced knowledge are given if the rest remains constant. The contributions that will continue to be obtained by this type of singular processes will be of great global impact in very different fields, as we suppose they will be in an increasing way and will probably help the functioning of the Ministries of Science and Innovation and other public instances and private agencies that motivate to increase that knowledge and to undertake. But it is essential to confront the singular knowledge and its serial development with the environment in which it develops. This singular knowledge is at the same time ignorant of a large part of what is outside of it and of the plurality and diversity of universal knowledge. For this reason, when we consider that singular knowledge, such as climate, transport, or a new technology, it is assumed that everything that surrounds them does not have a greater impact on the conclusions and results that they achieve for themselves. Which do not seem reasonable. We all know that we live in a universe about which to this day we know little, although we believe that we know a lot about that little. And we conclude, with certainty that this universe does not behave like the aggregate cluster of singular developments. These processes of singular development of knowledge have been applied since antiquity, with emphasis from the seventeenth century, with Galileo Galilei. But it has protected something that is very rare from the point of view of the advancement of knowledge, because it abstracts itself from what is outside the singularity, whatever it may be, and it makes a very reduced or null verification of the reality in which that singularity operates. That is why some say that singular knowledge does not refer to absolute certainties and its segmentation has marked and marks many of the fields of human endeavor: culture and independent arts, the singular structure of laws, the university organization by knowledge and unidisciplinary careers , education by branches, the organization of governance by independent ministries and monothematic investigators, who have strong difficulties in relating or who never manage to relate to the multitude of singularities in which societies move. Some particular aspects of knowledge and singular and serial innovation. We recognize that this cluster of singularities and the respective innovations is generally born from the development of one, or more themes, that are coming together in a continuous and intimate way to give it a practical content and that is used to give a solution to a certain problem or enigma, or to look for more beneficial solutions. It is estimated that this knowledge is in development in its different subjects, through different mechanisms to extend and expand it and in that way it reaches higher levels. The serial aspect is the sequence of stages in the application of knowledge to produce the evolution of an industrial, psychological, medical, legal or other process, and this knowledge tends to be also serial, and that is why we conclude that the innovations that arise with these contributions to knowledge are also serial. For the rest, we are using it in the advances of a multitude of products and services that we use every day. Innovations that are made from singular themes are very common, because they seek to improve a certain area or theme or element by incorporating new knowledge that is contained in technologies, mechanisms or services, on that area or theme or element (product, service or process, industry or business). And innovations are tried with the desire to provide a better solution in terms of: ease of use, better resolution of a functioning problem, more benefit, lower cost of use, less ecological damage, etc. This area of innovation is common within companies and organizations (and usually corresponds to the strategy of a business or a line of unique products) that must ensure that their products or services are adapted to the needs of their customers. They correspond almost always to incremental and marginal improvements. Many of these refer to innovations in a current product or service for a current market. As the greatest contributions to knowledge and to the innovations of humanity appear for centuries as consequences of the contributions of the singularities of each era, it has been producing a state of advance so remarkable that few people have access, transforming into true "towers" of ivory", which is not a demerit of them, but is the consequence that in order to reach the peak of this singular knowledge, in many cases it is a much more difficult and prolonged task. And if it is recognized that the set of knowledge of a singularity grows over time and it becomes very difficult for people to master it, it is essential to divide it so that new singularities are created, and so on and this has an impact on the teaching and the training of technicians and professionals and in employment. But it is not the only distinguishable point in a brief analysis of singular knowledge, because in everyday life society faces having to introduce itself to these different singularities usually. For example, imagine that you are stopped by a traffic accident and you will find that you must deal with at least the following singularities: detention process, relevant legislation, hospitalization in case of injury, transfer to different facilities, accident costs, accident insurance and can continue to recognize that something that may seem simple, complications come from the different unique knowledge that faces an ordinary person, which makes her feel immersed in a world in which dominates only a minimal part of the environment in the that will have to move. The complexity of the singularities is not less when it comes to buying real estate, or it is a matter of making a trip in which you want to travel through North America by car or it is a question of a patient having to prepare for the process of a surgery. What is discovered with these simple examples is that the exaggerated presence of the singular in common life produces a host of very complex situations for most people, who are overwhelmed by situations they do not know, when one could suppose that if the people who dominate the stated processes and described it so that they knew and used it, could make life easier. And from this somewhat insignificant discovery, for some, it is detected that there are many opportunities to produce practical knowledge that solves these situations in a singular way, and through the path of the respective innovation, to make life easier for millions of people in the world. But this is not the way we confront each singularity because there is often more concerned with the serial development of the respective knowledge, than with making life easier for ordinary people. 2 The spectacular development of exponential knowledge and exponential innovation. On the other hand, there is knowledge in the concept of exponential that refers to those matters or topics that grow at rates that accumulate over time and therefore grow faster and faster, as occurs with compound interest or with the growth of the population. In this case, the application of an exponential expression to a productive process leads to the development of new knowledge of the same nature and to innovations that have an exponential character. With this, the applications that advance are leaving with less value, sometimes quickly, those that displace or that sometimes become obsolete. For its part, the exponential innovation that already has a deep roots in sectors such as manufacturing or medicine, is very well represented in the Singularity University (SU), created in 2008, and which bases its proposals on the application of exponential technologies, such as nanotechnology, biotechnology, augmented reality, 3D, advanced robotics, artificial intelligence, neural systems, etc., that allow the incorporation of change with a rapid and continuously increasing rate of acceleration and that facilitates substantial progress in different areas, sectors and current industries. The SU is a prestigious institution that attracts many leading personalities of new technologies and whose contribution is helping in a very significant way to solve important problems that are presented to large and medium-sized global and local companies that hope to be protagonists of the development of humanity and that in this way they are anticipating to solve the challenges of the future. This type of innovation is the application of one or more exponential technologies, which are of high impact when applied to different processes, products or services since they increase the speed or storage capacity or memory, processing, performance, driving capabilities, energy alternatives, etc. that given their particular advantages increase the respective knowledge and productive yields. It has been presented by different means that by incorporating artificial intelligence into the pharmacopoeia, drugs will be obtained that will be capable of producing increasing results and with powers superior to the current ones, or that with exponential techniques it will be possible to treat genes differently, all which anticipates a revolution of incalculable proportions in matters of health. But these types of promises are extended too many other areas, such as achieving early anticipation of the replacement of critical equipment parts. These exponential technologies, with their increasing application, are capable of achieving outstanding results, since as the knowledge base grows the accumulation of knowledge becomes increasingly greater, with which its influence, when used in any subject In particular, it also becomes greater. But at the same time we must bear in mind that: an exponential technology can lose its impact or be replaced by another of more creative potential. The advances announced by those linked to this world of exponential development are occurring in the present, and many represent solutions that are posited as possible in a few more years. This is how one of its leaders, Peter Diamandis , anticipates methods and solutions to expand human life, to have support systems for musical creation in a convergence between neuroscience and musical theory, in the existence of autonomous devices with artificial intelligence (AI), in the production of artificial retinas of graphene, in a new type of banking, etc. But he also recognizes in his statements that there are hidden correlations within the knowledge that escape the logic of cause and effect and those algorithms of artificial intelligence can overcome the most veteran of experts, considering that the cause-effect relationship has several requirements for be valid. However, it leaves sitting the idea that in the field of the exponential and the artificial intelligence could arrive at new forms to develop the new knowledge. 3 The knowledge and innovation product of the Medici Effect. Throughout the history of knowledge there have been contributions linked to the need to interrelate some singular knowledge, which has been provided separately, and whose union was generated for very different reasons, but which had in common to satisfy a need that was not satisfied with the conclusions derived from each one and that it was necessarily to gather them to obtain a new knowledge that allowed better theoretical and empirical results. One approach that is found in this union is the so-called "Medici Effect ", which has had an important influence in the field of innovation and for this to happen, according to its author, Frans Johansson should be given the condition that: "when a concept of a field is taken to another unfamiliar field, they can intersect, giving rise to creativity and, therefore, to establish a new area to innovate ", since from the intersection a new knowledge is born. Or, that an intersection of two or more different fields results in a knowledge, which is one of the several mixtures that contain the intersected fields, and that, therefore, is a knowledge that had not yet been detected completely and hence its capacity to produce results that are new and that with its application are achieved innovations that are producing their followers in many parts of the world. It seems important to note that the results of the intersection or union of two or more independent elements should recognize, first, that each one has its properties and observe which of them are represented in the new knowledge obtained. It can be considered that in each union or intersection of two elements the properties or attributes of both are represented, but it is also important to recognize which attributes are those that stand out in the created element, as well as, what is the new of the produced element that makes unique. In this type of field of knowledge in which it is recognized that different singular knowledge must be united, it is often found in the concept of "ecosystem", or in health concepts such as macro, meso and micro management, meaning with these names that we must move away from singular approaches, because they are incomplete and we must consider that the world can be better understood if one or several singularities are considered together, with all or almost all of their attributes. According to National Geographic an "ecosystem is a geographical area where plants, animals and other organisms, as well as climate and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life" or that "Every factor in an ecosystem depends on any another factor, either directly or indirectly". A change in the temperature of an ecosystem will often affect what plants will grow there, for example. Animals that depend on plants for food and shelter must adapt to the changes, move to another ecosystem or perish. For its part, what is added in the field of health is that, for example, the "health mesogestion” or management of centers is carried out through the coordination and motivation of the members of a health center, an insurer, and an pharmaceutical wholesaler; that the “micromanagement sanitary” start with the finding that health professionals (clinicians fundamentally) allocate health resources in their decisions, diagnoses and therapeutic, made in conditions of uncertainty in a task that involves coordinating resources and motivate people . In this way the concept of ecosystem or macrosalud is an advance in terms of integrating the qualities or properties of several or many singular knowledge, since it is recognized that for a better and greater understanding of the environment in which knowledge and people are working or living must have a broader vision than pure singularity. However we have the doubt about the real or supposed aggregation that is had when two or more singularities or fields intersect, or when it refers to an ecosystem or a macro management where those fields join. On the one hand, what unites the two parties: (a) all its properties or attributes or only some? (b) Is it possible to describe each of these unions by only one part or by the set of the respective attributes? (c) Is that new knowledge necessary and useful to create meaningful innovations? Consequently, questioning the certainty of each singularity is something that is recognized in many subjects, and that leads to the birth of different interrelationships that seek to conjugate a more coherent set of knowledge or singularities in order to better face problems or dilemmas that the singularities and their respective knowledge unfold. And what is curious is the scant treatment that is made of this phenomenon in most human activities. It is against this type of concealment or implicit ignorance that we have found that a way to help improve these situations is in the interstitial knowledge as shown below. IV. EMERGING KNOWLEDGE AND PLURAL INTERSTITIAL INNOVATION. 1 Preamble. Just as companies, universities and public and private research centers have made important contributions to knowledge and innovation, the consulting industry has also made great contributions to the development of knowledge and innovation in different areas, by playing a role mediator between theory and praxis. Every year the consultants try to capture the best brains that graduate from the postgraduate degrees, in different areas of knowledge to join them to their own experiences, applications and development of new technologies and solutions for their clients. In almost half a century of work in the field of consultancy, the team of olibar Consultores Int'l - one of many in the world - has contributed, in very different industries, companies and universities in several countries, to the introduction of methods and technologies that are being used at a global level today. The incursions in the use of new approaches and products in the field of consulting to companies has been fundamental in discovering the urgent need to make connections between different areas of knowledge, issues or concrete elements, as can be seen in the fields in which we have worked as : the application of strategy systems with artificial intelligence (AI); the use of expert computer systems (SCE) that evaluate and deliver profiles of managers and support the respective coaching (ACUMEN); Interactive systems to support negotiation; the Intelligent Support Models for Project Management (PM) that recognized the need for different professionals to interact so that the projects concluded according to plan and also learned from previous projects or that allowed working with simultaneous or serial projects and they delivered recommendations; the tools of Advanced Statistics of new generation that processed and proposed analysis and qualitative recommendations of multiple variables (Statgraphics) among others, the applications of stochastic projections and the projections with models of exponential smoothing, among many others. For the application of several of these tools, given their respective knowledge, it was essential to know their purposes and their potential benefits, their assumptions and their processes and for that, it was necessary to anticipate the proposals of possible alternative paths and that should be followed to reach the expected results, in the conditions in which we find problems in companies. And for that we had to cover the knowledge gap between the content of the new tool and the characteristics of the problem and for to be solved it is necessarily to develop a methodology and specific technology for those cases, which when applied systematically had to achieve the results. This type of work that gave us experience in this field and allowed us to learn how to overcome the initial resistances on the part of the leaders of the client companies and the academy, at the end of the last century, which refused to use new knowledge and preferred continue with content and traditional methods of problem solving, research and teaching. On the other hand, with the application of methods to make anticipations of the future, be it with the construction of scenarios , the application of Delphi or the prospecting on the basis of weak signals has helped to achieve advances in the anticipation of the possible paths for the development of very different sectors and companies and even the economies of some countries. By this way, it is concluded that the efforts to apply knowledge and innovations has been the consequence of that long journey, work and permanent delivery of different solutions to real problems, with the participation of very different professionals of the company, of the academy and from public agencies that by meeting their points of view, their experiences and their concerns in an orchestration of tactical diversity, have made it possible to achieve a large part of these contributions, among them the "Interstitial Knowledge and Innovation" that is developed next. 2 A new method for the advancement of knowledge is born: the interstitial. We start from the basis that in the universe everything is related, at least it tells us when observing what surrounds us and how the very diverse singularities function within it. If, for example, we choose the simple "transport by truck" this has relation with different elements: the vehicle, the climate, the roads and their state, the volume and density, the speed, the parking lots, the road crossings, the slopes, the signage and traffic lights, the state of health and temperance of the driver, the condition and maintenance of the vehicle, other dangers and vehicles on the way, with the time of day, with loose animals on the road, etc. While some relationships between these elements have developed, there are always some over which there is no full knowledge. That is why we conclude, in a first stage, that there must be a path or method different from the known one that aims to discover "new knowledge in integrity", respecting the methods of uniqueness. This new path helps to advance knowledge as the cognitive gaps that exist when it comes to relating unique issues (independent of each other), such as: transportation, health, astronomy, and sport, each of these being a subject that has developed unique knowledge, which will undoubtedly continue to grow serially or exponentially. But, in a second stage of this process of recognition of new sources of knowledge is the "interstitial" that is obtained through a different method, from the "gaps or cognitive interstices" that exist when it comes to relate, for example, the element cancer with other elements: space, travel, clothing, materials, or seismic engineering. The obvious question arises, of course, what do these singularities have in common? The answer lies in the fact that if everything is related in the universe, the fact that we do not know what those relationships are means that we do not have "the respective knowledge" and that we have to work a lot and in a different way to find it. One way to synthesize this approach, for dissemination purposes, is through the following Interstitial Knowledge Model (IKM), which starts by recognizing that it is about scrutinizing the new knowledge that can be found in the interstices that exist between independent elements or themes. For example, if three "independent elements" are chosen, it must be considered that each one has a certain number of properties, descriptors, attributes or characteristics (perhaps those determined to the extent that current knowledge reaches) because the most probable or almost certain is that there are more attributes that are in the zone of the unknown of each element. Consider the elements A, B and C each with a number of properties or characteristics: A ₌ (x₁, x₂, x₃, .........) B ₌ (y₁, y₂, y₃, y₄, .........) C ₌ (z₁, z₂, z₃, z₄, z₅, .........) When confronting one or more properties or attributes of an element with one or more attributes of the other two, either by simple or statistical means, some relationships could be determined such as: (a) first, defined in advance, random or probabilistic giving to each of the characteristics the same probability of relating and (b) second, one could make relations of one characteristic per element, or make a relation of two per element, etc. to determine if it is: (1) that set or subset establishes a relationship that gives rise to a new knowledge that seems different to all we know, (2) if that new knowledge is useful given what we know and if it leads us to new results, (3) if that result is practical, or (4) if that result leads to a new object or service useful for people or for companies, etc. In search of interstitial knowledge: a global discovery. This new way of thinking and generating knowledge is, as far as we have investigated, a new world paradigm and a true revolution that will lead to review the dominant models in the field of research, science, technology, innovation and entrepreneurship, not only of complex and erudite subjects, but in the oldest and traditional fields such as costumes; food; the toilet; furniture: personal training; or the distribution of the habitual places of coexistence. What opens tremendous opportunities for the change that is coming for humanity by the transfer of jobs that will be eliminated by the singular and exponential and that will be created by the innovations that will be born with the contribution of interstitial knowledge. 3 From universal knowledge to interstitial knowledge. Recognizing that there is a lack of knowledge to relate many of the singularities and that these and exponential knowledge will continue to grow, we consider that this Universal Knowledge (UK) is: UK = CS + CI + r Where: CK (current knowledge) = natural knowledge + singular knowledge + exponential knowledge. IK = interstitial knowledge. r = knowledge to know. What is expressed in the previous formula is that there is a current knowledge (natural, singular and exponential), that is constantly changing and growing, and that outside that sphere there is a knowledge that is about to be acquired, which we suppose is much greater than the current one and that is incorporated through research and other means of different kinds. Undoubtedly, what is outside the sphere of current knowledge, is a force of attraction for those who are interested in its expansion and there are many people who make it an important part of their lives. Besides we include the interstitial knowledge that in general is until now mainly outside the current sphere of knowledge and as different methods are developed to produce it or obtain it, it will be recognized as such. So far it has been interesting to establish a method of searching for interstitial knowledge to fill with wisdom some of the many and surprising cognitive spaces that increasingly presents its own development. The application of this method is accessible to people with or without higher education. We start by asking the reader, the world scientific community and the business community: What could be the new knowledge useful to obtain if the interstices are filled between the following elements: buildings in height, shrimp, mountaineering and higher education? Or does it seem absurd? It is not easy to reach one or more formal and useful answers, but we have discovered that it is possible to reach surprising conclusions. Although at the beginning of the process we do not know exactly what we are going to conclude with, we have found a way - apparently obvious after its discovery - that will revolutionize the advance of world knowledge. We consider that we cannot be content with only the powerful advance of the growing serial and exponential singular knowledge as means for the development of sciences, technology and higher education in the world, without integrating the different knowledge and that go beyond its mere combination. 4 The concept. In collaboration with team members and related professionals, we have come to the conclusion that we can distinguish a large plural field, where new knowledge and innovation can be developed, which is called the "plural interstitial knowledge and innovation zone" (PIKIZ), which appears when working "with two or more topics, elements, areas, industries, processes, products or services of different or unrelated sectors" in the search for novel results, in particular those that represent knowledge until before unrecognized. When choosing and distinguishing two or more different elements, which in general are not related, one tends to find a void or interstice, over which most of the time there is no explicit knowledge and whose filling is left to the reflection of who want to do it. By finding one or more ways to fill the gap can give rise to a new concept, a new knowledge, a new process, an unmet need or a new product or service that did not exist until then and, therefore, get new knowledge. Filling the interstice between "two or more elements" is very different from simply crossing or intersecting them, but it is an "emptiness of knowledge" subject, somehow, to the imagination. That is, "if you want to fill the gap or gaps with new knowledge you have to interrelate the attributes of two or more elements or independent subjects or issues, which end up being only supposedly independent." Neither is it an answer to a problem but: it is a set of questions about something that does not exist yet, which discourages and invites many people to abandon the answer because of its lack of obviousness. The above is undoubtedly an important contribution to the activities of advancement of knowledge and innovation that currently mobilizes millions of people in the search to find new solutions to current problems. But in this case it is more than that: "it is to identify new knowledge not imagined until now, it is to look for solutions not imagined of problems not yet existing, it is to find zones of greater development and welfare for humanity, since it is not the most common to create organizations to dedicate themselves to the search for new knowledge, needs or satisfactors in the interstices between different elements. In short, new knowledge and innovation is sought in the "what" new knowledge is obtained and "how" that new knowledge can be used to innovate, which gives rise to new ventures, some of which are already revolutionizing society. In other words, when you "force to find what could fill the space that exists between two or more elements, areas, sectors or different industries" are creating surprising scenarios of knowledge against trends, which are rarely described in the concepts of wisdom world. 5 The origins of the PIKIZ concept. This category or area of knowledge and plural innovation was born after decades of consulting activity and teaching and research in university campuses. Below are the foundations that have given birth to this model of knowledge. (1) The idea that almost all manufactured products and all services consumed by individuals and companies are in the process of being modified, replaced or eliminated, and that these modifications will, in general, be based on the quality of knowledge and the types of innovations previously described - natural, serial, exponential and Medici - appears as a limited field when the lack of knowledge that seeks to relate singularities is recognized. (2) The work with different professionals was creating an environment of questioning the paths to follow so that through new knowledge could be innovated, in particular for the resolution of the problems posed by client companies and that had to be resolved. And recognizing, many times, that the interaction between professions and specializations had to be deepened in order to arrive at more advanced and creative solutions, because many of these professionals did not have experience in working with other specialists and had to create bridges of understanding to reach agreements. (3) Due to the need to interrelate variables in the works of anticipation of futures with multiple scenarios, where the cross-impacts between variables is a fundamental aspect to identify new situations that could occur and on which many times there is no response and remain as unknowns that must be followed with great attention, as for example, the spaces that appear between a political scenario, an economic scenario, a social scenario, an ecological scenario and a technological scenario when one seeks to propose one or more global scenarios. (4) Given the overcrowding of the race to advance in the development of new knowledge that makes innovation an activity providing new solutions in processes, services and products, which requires opening more opportunities to apply current and new technologies that they can improve those industrial processes and habitual services, and before the urgency to introduce innovations for the market, ignoring the origin and the zones of where new possibilities of innovating can arise. In all these consultancy processes we have had to make many decisions whose results were anticipated risk being a matter that we work from the beginning of our consulting work with the publications of different books . (5) Finally, we recognize that the universe is a whole, where everything is related, and that of those relationships only a minor part is known, which is what has developed the knowledge hitherto achieved. That the development of knowledge has been obtained mainly from the continuous evolution of each topic, subject or concept, linking each time to advance in explaining issues that can be verified according to the methods of development of systematic knowledge. This form of development is undoubtedly very fundamental to reach the current state. But it is a development that is based on the singular and, therefore, is always alien to the interrelation, in which the universe unfolds, in its permanently intertwined functioning. And it is those "lost interrelationships" that are being recovered for the development that follows. This approach to knowledge is likely to make use of "big data" and its future interrelations. 6 The interstices. The determination to look for contents or relationships in the interstices between two or more elements, subjects or independent subjects should lead to the acquisition of new knowledge that can be used to develop new processes or new products, and then move on to the task of using it to identify the possibilities of innovation. When the existence of one or more interstices is established, that is, of one or more apparent gaps that exist when the confrontation between two or more independent elements, areas or industries is forced, it is unknown what will allow to made new conjugations between them, but the effort must be made until discovering a result that is considered new. And, thus, by expressing that conjugation in words or formulas, a new knowledge is reached. Discovering how to fill one or more interstices culminates this part of the process of obtaining new knowledge or products or services (which will hardly appear or will be non-existent when working with other forms of knowledge development). To fill the gaps, knowledge must be reached that is able to help investigate and identify new problems, and the products and services that solve them, which even before that potential conjunction were not considered since they were not known. That is to say, knowledge and plural interstitial innovations will be aimed at recognizing new problems and unimaginable satisfactions, creating with it a universe scarcely mapped until now, and, supposedly, who dominates the field of these innovations will have an advantage of world order. Of course, some gaps can be filled with knowledge that provide the attributes or characteristics of new information technologies, but there is also an enormous opportunity for the contribution of techniques and more traditional approaches to the development of new knowledge. If we consider the elements that can be used in an interstitial analysis and its characteristics or attributes, the amount of interstices that contain knowledge not yet incorporated as such and that can be useful is enormous, so we can continue researching to find methods that reduce the search at reasonable limits. This is one of the steps that we must continue investigating and experimenting. 7 New knowledge for new innovations. Today, the important changes that are taking place with innovations in multiple sectors of economic life are easily recognized. For example, if you consider the changes in communication, it is not far from the time when newspapers and magazines started, then the radio broke out, later television, then channels or multi channels with different programs or products, and when the Internet appears parallel processes that allow a person from home and with a PC or smart phone can provide virtual press, radio, television, music, networks, etc. And all this in a few years. At some point the sector of the written press could be analyzed, from the particular point of view the knowledge it used, as well as its future progress and possible scenarios that could face. And if that had been done, it would probably have shown that it was going to have many advances in itself and that its importance could also be diminished and decline as an economic activity. And the same for the activities that followed: radio, television, etc. Each one had an innovative development mostly serial - although they had some contributions of exponential technologies - but they ended up at a very distant stage, that is, it did not take many years before their development rate tended to zero and at some point they disappeared or they will disappear. The funny thing is that this change happened not because the development of the radio was a step more in the development of the written press, but it exploded originated by the irruption of new technologies that had little to do with those used to produce and market the written press. And this is a type of process of knowledge change that leads to the disappearance of economic activities that will be very recurrent in the coming years, although in their past life those companies or activities have had successful and innovative developments of serial or exponential base. Therefore, we must be very alert to the new spaces that open up for new global and local knowledge and innovation. What is observed is that many of the companies that operate in developed and developing countries from small mining companies to the most powerful conglomerates and even states and universities tend to have an unrealistic strategic vision of the changes in which will be faced in the coming years and except a few organizations are opening their eyes to enter fully into the anticipation of new businesses and new activities that will occur in their current industries (and new) and that will leave many resources unused and with very low salvage values or only as scrap or cultural or sentimental heritage. Although this is a great threat, it is also a tremendous opportunity for development, since if the paradigm of the development of knowledge and current innovation changes it would be at the dawn of another possible scenario of an enormous creative potential and destroyer of wealth of the nations and the corporations. In the analysis of the possible scenarios which humanity will face in 10 or 20 more years, however, there are opportunities and threats that are far superior to those historically known and are precisely represented by: the new knowledge that will guide the creation of new industries and sectors that will develop when you will have products and services that connect sectors, which until now are presented as independent and unique with their respective associated strategies that will give way to new strategies: interstitial plurals. 8 A pilot example of PIKIZ. At least one area of new knowledge and plural interstitial innovation that has been studied refers to that which seeks to fill the gaps that result from combinations or mixtures of different areas, sectors or industries that can give rise to new knowledge and potential needs of the market for having new products and services that, until now, are unknown or in very embryonic states. More than ten years ago we worked on the use of wood for construction, in a community where cement and iron prevailed. At the same time the EPA established that copper had antibacterial capabilities by eliminating them in seconds on surfaces that contained what they called antibacterial copper (Cu+). This background allowed the start of the manufacture of many objects with Cu+ that are commonly used in homes, offices, schools and hospitals, which are handled with hands, such as handles, handrails, keys and other objects to be contacted prevent the transfer of bacteria, or in other elements in which bacteria are deposited and live, which prevented bacterial propagation. On the other hand, health professionals contributed with the aspects that could be considered so that people could function in more prone environments to stay healthy, reducing accidents, achieving adequate and sustainable temperatures, with pure air, etc. At the same time, the use of solar panels for the generation of hot water and electricity began, and the emphasis was on using sustainable materials in construction, which would reduce the costs of moving materials and protect the environment. When analyzing many of the characteristics and attributes of these elements, it was concluded that with its set it could produce "healthy spaces", which was not an objective of any of the elements that were considered and that far exceeded them . In this way, our first area of knowledge and plural interstitial innovation (PIKIZ) emerged. To arrive at this concept, it was recognized that in general each of the included subjects had a defined purpose such as: building for construction, sustainability to use materials that preserve ecological aspects, etc. but none of them by itself could only point out that it achieved a "healthy space". This concept was a new knowledge if different attributes of the chosen elements were combined in a particular mixture different from all previous ones. A new knowledge had been reached that when applied to the production of spaces for habitation, for offices, for hospitals, etc. it would be healthy for people. Of course, it was recognized that: (1) these elements were not related to each other as to produce a new satisfactory in particular, that is, there was a large set of empty spaces between them, (2) that each element had multiple characteristics or properties, (3) that it was necessary to analyze the characteristics of each element inasmuch as they contributed to a new purpose that was considered to be a potential market need: and thus the concept of "healthy environment" was reached. When this mix was promoted among real estate agents, copper producers, construction companies, foresters, architects, engineers, researchers, health actors, ecologists and financiers, it was found to be a potentially very attractive offer for the community, but the difficulty was in that the interstices that were created when people from different subjects interacted had to be filled by very particular aspects or attributes of the knowledge of each one. Anyway, they recognize that it could be real the plural innovative healthy spaces and thus giving birth to a new and millionaire industry scalable, exportable and of global level, which until now is available to increase the domestic product of any country that invests in it and carry out this complex enterprise of larger size. Each of the elements that were incorporated (construction, wood, Cu+, sustainability, health, etc.) had particular contributions, given their characteristics, which could be united: architecture with design, engineering with structure and construction, materials, each one with its particular characteristics, and thus it is possible to continue identifying each element in its particular descriptors. For example, copper imported mainly because of its anti-bacterial nature, and wood, for example, in its ability to regulate the transfer of temperature and shock absorption in the event of falls. Someone could continue to deepen this new area of knowledge and innovation, for which they could include new elements: pollution control, healthy drinking water, transportation and new technologies, with which the mixture of elements would be far from being a new awareness or an innovation "of construction" or "of wood" or of "pollution". But what is different is that when making a mixture like the one described above (construction, health, etc.) it is recognized, first, that there are new interstices where new solutions arise and that can be met, as for example by: "spaces or healthy mobile environments. " Along this road, there would be better habitable spaces to live, work and entertain that were mobile, either by land or by air or by water, which would extend human life forms and recreational and productive large-scale occupation covering extensions of territories until today not used by the public or private sector. And like this, how much more knowledge can be obtained and how many more innovations are suitable to explore and exploit? And does not this approach open up a broad field of incorporation of new knowledge and innovations as there is multiplicity of possible combinations with many of the existing elements? 9 A methodology to relate elements with interstices. The concept of PIKIZ is based on the recognition that two or more independent elements or themes can be compared with their respective attributes in order to identify interstices that combine solutions that are unpublished knowledge, and from there to advance to technologies and innovations in processes or in products or services. In the network or plural relationship of elements or sectors known or traditional will arise many potential interstices depending on the extent to which you want to work. As an example, the available combinations are listed with the aim of achieving new knowledge and innovate: for instance (a) when combining the attributes of at least two sectors or independent elements, there will be: 1 zone of interstices where questions will arise about how to achieve greater benefits that come from each of the independent attributes of each element and will seek to reach innovative and useful results by relating to the different attributes or characteristics (b) when 3 elements or themes are mixed will have: 3 pairs of areas of interstices of two sectors each and 1 zone of three sectors, that is, 4 new zones of needs and opportunities to innovate, (c) if there were four traditional sectors that are mixed, there will be: 6 zones of interstices between two sectors, plus 4 zones of interstices between three sectors and 1 area between the four, that is, there will be a total of eleven new areas or opportunities to undertake, which will be available in these ZCIIP. And so on. The possibilities are many: What are the PIKIZ that you see in your next work or research? 10 A methodology to achieve new knowledge and interstitial innovations. In order to achieve this level of development of the content of the interstitial spaces have been repeatedly resorted to observation, measurement of preliminary results and experimentation. To then, propose some hypotheses and some tests that allow developing a basic technology to apply it in real situations. Our hypothesis: When you try to relate two or more elements that have developed independently, and therefore are unique or exponential, in trying to make those relationships you can follow different paths: Way 1. Make both elements combine directly, forcing explanations that make them form a set or knowledge that is consistent (Medici Effect). Way 2. Start the work recognizing the independence between the two elements and with this it follows that their connection must arise from creating a new knowledge that makes the properties or attributes of both elements, or of the other elements, that form a new coherent knowledge. A Technology: Faced with this new hypothesis, we are in a position to formulate a method that includes the necessary steps so that once they are completed, a new knowledge, a new product or a new service will be obtained as results. The steps of the methodology to fill interstices with new knowledge and innovations. 1. It can be based on the need of a company, university or research institution to explore a new field for the development of knowledge and innovation. Then you must determine the person or persons, with different professions or specialties, who will participate in the experience and will be given the necessary information so that they can carry out a real experience on knowledge and interstitial innovation. 2. Once the group is formed it is convenient to give a brief explanation about what is the task and how is the way of developing new knowledge with this method and ask the participants their experiences about new knowledge and how they have acquired them. 3. Then, it is important to inquire about the expectations that the members of the group can have that they will be able to develop knowledge that at the moment, for them is unknown and the possibilities that they have never heard before. 4. Next comes: (1) the choice of the two or three elements or themes or basic concepts that will be considered in the experiment (2) is passed to choose a characteristic of one of them and another characteristic of another element is selected, object or concepts and proceeds to identify if there is something, that is outside of them, that relate them and that represents an interesting finding or new knowledge. Many times you will find that you do not get something new, except that making the union or the intersection of for example, the height of a building and the legs of the shrimp, you could imagine: a tall building that mimics the legs of a shrimp, or imagine that the exterior walls of a building in height will imitate the shell of the shrimp's legs. If you come to the conclusion that there is nothing new that unites you have recognized that it follows the space or interstice available and whose resolution is not ready to be delivered because it is still unknown to the members of the group. And stay with that conclusion for the time being. This is important because to find a new knowledge you have to face the obstacle that you do not know it and therefore, you have to be very active to make this discovery, which may appear trivial, but it is the impulse to look or create a solution. It is not a matter of making a combination between the building and the shrimp, or its attributes, because that would be a Medici Effect, that is, to force the joining of characteristics of both, that is, an intersection, such as a shrimp-shaped building or with surfaces like carapace of the same one. Because when you put the two elements together, part of the concept of space disappears, because you have eliminated it. 5. The interstitial innovation seeks to discover what elements or characteristics of other elements can unite some of the characteristics of the two elements (for example: the height of the building and the displacement of the shrimp) creating a union that represents a new knowledge, an idea new, a new process, or a new object that may eventually end up in a new satisfactory or a new product or service. 6. There are multiple ways to move forward in the PIKIZ either by imagining something completely new, which in your opinion does not exist and could be produced if different existing or imagined elements were taken and when they come together they will produce something that does not exist for now, for example: “the permanent control of the health on the part of each person" and not of a professional or institution of the health as it happens today. 7. Another way is: take two attributes or characteristics of two or more elements and conclude what would result from filling the spaces that are detected, which until now are unknown and, therefore, have not yet been filled and for that incorporate one or more attributes of another element chosen in advance or not, until you get a satisfactory response that means a contribution to knowledge. This is a technique that can be used to carry forward part of the new knowledge and the millions of global innovations that could be produced by the millions of people in the world who are willing to spend a part of their time to contribute to their progress or of the humanity. 8. Another example that can help to understand the subject is presented when it is necessary to fill the spaces that exist between four elements, by means of some of their characteristics or attributes. Consider the following four chosen elements: electricity, movement, water and day. Each element has its own characteristics and attributes: (a) Electricity is: power or voltage, load, flow, etc. (b) The Movement is: rectilinear, undulatory, acceleration, trajectory, etc. (c) Water is: liquid, solid, vapor, distilled, color, density, etc. (d) The Day is: hours, minutes, light, darkness, gloom, etc. By joining two or more attributes of these four elements you will discover that there are interesting findings, just as there will be others that do not achieve a convenient result. But what can be established are the many gaps or interstices that exist between them, which can be used to look for other characteristics that can fill up the spaces, that is, the characteristics of other elements, and by that way, to arrive to produce a new result, which can open the way for new knowledge or some attractive or disruptive innovation. 9. And so, you can think of new combinations that mean knowledge, processes, products or services not known and that would be obtained through certain combinations (remember that the tasty paella is a satisfying that is greater than the sum of its parts). Or you can explore: Is it possible to imagine the combination of characteristics of elements such as taste, color, aroma and packaging in human food, but profusely beyond those currently used and known? V. CHALLENGES FOR PLURAL INTERSTITIAL INNOVATION. The field that opens with the application of this method to develop new knowledge and plural interstitial innovations is very broad and to become an activity that tends to be recurrent requires: (1) recognize some of the weaknesses that occur with the growing and sustained application of the singular applications, (2) to educate academics, students, politicians, authorities and people in general about the sense of interstitial knowledge, its forms of development and the contributions it is able to provide for the development of societies, (3) make it known once there are results that are attractive to be learned and imitated (4) open to recognize the need to train people capable of applying them, (5) deepen the scope and different methods that can be applied to identify gaps or interstices that appear attractive, (6) understand that they can be traversed multiple paths to relate the attributes of the different elements selected or available, (7) apply them in fields of knowledge where there is more work done as it is in education and within institutions and companies where people live with each other on a daily basis of different singularities. 1 Some weaknesses in the use of traditional knowledge. It can be recognized that both the advances of the singular knowledge and the exponential knowledge and the one that emerges from the Medici effect, or the one that arises from the proliferation of ecosystems are, have been and will be dominant in the years to come, both because of the spectacular nature of their developments, and because the superior training of professionals in the world is preferably singular and, for some years now, exponential training has been incorporated. And this means that most of the announcements made about the development of knowledge and innovations will have their imprints printed. But our point of view, and for what we have insisted on the vision that we give, is that there is a lack of coherence between the singularities that are taught to us and that surround us every day, whose consequences of pure obviousness are ignored . Let's see what happens with some examples: (1) In the Governments, the singularity is present in almost all the public organizations of the world through its ministries (interior, health, education, finance, housing, infrastructure and others of the same type) and that leads to the actions of coordination among the different ministries. In front of the question: What are the coordinations that must be done? The answers are usually circumstantial, depending on what dominates among those responsible for acting or making decisions or the question remains with answers on hold, because there are many alternatives that are considered with very little information on what are the most appropriate criteria to face these uncertain conditions. It also happens with many laws where it is evident the presence of one or more singularities or that end up being a set of particular laws, with the corresponding gaps between them, or as it happens with the respective uncertainty of justice that flaunts inexplicable conclusions in front of situations of doubtful similar character (2) In the armed forces, which are generally grouped in: air, sea and land and since conflicts do not conform according to this classification, interrelationships must be made between these branches and among the many other singularities that must participate in a warlike conflict or in the solution of it. And, on the other hand, in the search for solutions in situations of conflict it is observe that the causes of conflict are not emphasize, but that different singularities are passed through, which do not deepen the causes and their solutions but divert attention, occupy more time and more resources without focusing on what is important. And the question corresponds: with what methods, with what background are these difficulties avoided? (3) In education, it is also observed in the diversity of singular courses that make up the basic and media studies, and the different singular careers that are taught in higher education, (4) In journalism, in which most news are singular or unexplained mixtures of intersections of singularities, showing only a minimum part of the points of view with which a news event can be seen, etc. And what is notorious is that it is not important to recognize the undesirable effects produced by these disagreements, and to resolve them when there are more incidental, incomplete, mediocre actions and, from time to time, to solve the multiple problems that are caused to institutions and people. For example, it is common that in the treatment of a disease the effects are not anticipated to the patient on all his body, except in terms of the singularity of the illness that afflicts him. But, people are obliged to find solutions to the need to interrelate all the singularities with which we live and we have to understand permanently to act in the different occupational and personal fields. And it is clear, that people do not seem to have any problem in doing those interactions, but we understand that each one does it to their best knowledge and understanding, which is the same as saying that these conclusions are rather random and not clearly expressed in our daily understandings. And nobody teaches us how to act to reach more or less logical conclusions when we have to treat several singularities together. Finally, what we present in this paper tries to emphasize the need to enter fully into the attempt to better resolve these dilemmas of understanding and for this to outline a path of solution or a contribution to the need to fill in part the vacuums that occur daily and permanently when we are subjected to work, or deal with different singular and exponential knowledge. 2 Why has interstitial knowledge not developed? Through the dissemination of interstitial knowledge and the innovations that may arise we have had the possibility to pick up some reasons that lead to why its development has been almost ignored, although there are examples that can be very prominent. For example, "paella" is a food that originated in Asia but is very popular in Spain. Its main components are rice, oil, container and fire, which is what allows the water of the rise to evaporate, also contains vegetables, rabbit and chicken meat and seafood and saffron. The name of this food is derived it is said from the cauldron or paella in which it is cooked. The funny thing is that what is known as paella is very different from simply putting together the ingredients, since the attributes of each of them, including the fire that allows them to cook, produce a unique result, in terms of flavors, smells, colors and texture very different from the sum of its attributes and that's why it has become an almost universal dish. No doubt that the recurrent fact of the singular development of knowledge and its development using the methods of intersection of elements is the result of hundreds of years of work with achievements that are remarkable and, therefore, it has not been necessary to resort to other methods that they would have to be publicized by their merits, as is the case with the unknown that is the development of interstitial knowledge. Which recognizes that when starting the search for interstitial knowledge is not known to what results will be reached and, therefore, is part with a situation of significant risk, which invites to postpone investments of resources in it. In the years in which we have worked on this topic and in the activities in which we have exposed people with higher education and students, we have come across two types of reactions: (1) people who, once they know the concept, relate it to what they know and they think they have always recognized and used interstitially in their different activities, however, if they are asked about what they understand by the concept, they confuse it with the intersection or union of knowledge and that's where it ends the conversation because they find it incomprehensible or incoherent for their training, (2) the people who receive the concept and who prefer not to dwell on its content because it does not allow them to incorporate it into their mental schemes and (3) there are people who recognize that the concept has merit to deepen it as a professional opportunity for the future. And the most reluctant to accept them are the professionals of education because they think that it breaks the traditional career scheme. On the other hand, the other methods that are more used to develop knowledge also face situations of doubt and risk, because, for example, when you want to advance in a singular knowledge, the researcher usually faces an uncertain future, which can end in a result: meaningless, partial or successful, and the same happens with the random results that can be obtained when two or more elements intersect. 3 Training of professionals. This paradigmatic extension of the field of knowledge and innovation is not minor and is supposed to have a great impact on the formation of societies and countries that, thanks to their exploitation, reach high levels of economic development. But, it is possible that the greatest difficulty to reach success in discovering new needs, that arise to fill the interstices of the integration of different areas or sectors, is to have the people and new talents able to articulate these new interstitial constructs and plural opportunities. The training of professionals, executives and leaders to get to work in this new type of activities and to be successful should start to form now, but more focused on the principles that govern the development of knowledge and innovation and changes in models traditional educational of the last century, which must be developed from now to address the entrepreneurship of new businesses and interstitial industries and a new emerging social and cultural reality. A key talent will be to have new managerial and executive capacities to enunciate and manage new interstitial and plural strategies. This new vision of innovation is an opportunity to attract and invite many more innovators or prospects who want to be and of course to: all companies, their managers and executives, the governance of central and local states, the different actors social, political, artists and cultural managers, the rectors of universities and intellectual leaders who: recognize that their future will be applied in these new and profitable ZCIIP's - collaborative - and in the multiple scopes of their entrepreneurial, economic action and social to sustain a more rapid transit towards the desired public and private development. 4 Some of the fields in which we consider that are conducive to interstitial knowledge. We consider that higher education is one of the fields in which teaching how to relate different elements should produce important effects to answer questions in activities that have to do with the development of communities, with the development of urban centers, with legislation and the search for beneficial consequences for the well-being of people. On the other hand, it could be considered that along with the singular approach and the exponential one, it would be considered to apply the interstitial approach in the development of fields, which thanks to the increase of the resources and research means that have been created in the last decades are generating masses of data, with their respective knowledge, such as astronomy, space exploration and the potential human population of planets. Institutions and companies are usually encounters of the singularities that their components contribute, that when fulfilling their work obligations are, preferably, mixing the attributes of their respective singularities. And in this type of interaction, no deep work is done to distinguish the attributes or properties of each present singularity, to act sporadically or permanently. And in that way he does not think, nor does he consider himself of the interstices left by the attributes of those singularities. And therefore, all the knowledge that could be identified by the interstitial is ignored and lost. VI. Conclusion. As you can see the amount of combinations and wealth available for the development of new knowledge has only the limit of the imagination. Therefore, it is urgent to create cross-cutting points and market for the incubation of new knowledge and from there to produce thousands of innovations that are produced, which will give rise to the development of prototypes, products, services, agreements, transactions, of new businesses and diverse financing for entrepreneurs of these emerging innovations. This new wealth would come this time, in part, from the use of this novel paradigm of interstitial innovation and knowledge development, which begins its journey through the world. It is observed that from now on, to the traditional forms of development of knowledge and innovation, exploration can be added in a new way to develop knowledge and innovations, which today "everyone" can resume and innovate in different planes of its economic, private or social life. Interstitial knowledge is a new knowledge and as such should pass through the typical stages of its disclosure. At the beginning the readers will emit different opinions: doubts, disbelief, acceptance with restrictions and a few that will consider it valid and will begin to venture into its possible developments and applications. The scenarios that can be anticipated for the next few years are therefore similar, since to the extent that it is known, similar positions will probably be accentuated from doubts to its expansion due to the concrete results that it provides. We consider that this is a new knowledge, although in the universe it occurs naturally, it will take time to be known by the first interested and that only after a long road, of many years, will it become important if its merits make it possible. Along with the above, we recognize that although interstitial knowledge is found in the universe, when it comes to being known by different groups of people, we find different types of reactions, as we have repeatedly verified. Some groups reject it because it affects their unique interests and because they are not accustomed to having to interact with other singularities they consider less powerful (such as physics versus confectionery). Other powerful singular groups do not interact easily with other groups that also assume that quality (engineering and medicine). But the most striking comes from the fact that being a new knowledge the most common spontaneous reactions of doubt or rejection come from what those people know, where the interstitial knowledge it is unknown for them. It is exhorted to assume this innovation without borders, to leave the current singular spaces of comfort, ready to search for new opportunities in thousands of PIKIZ that are already available for everyone at a different level in the public and private: Dare! Do not say later that they were not warned opportunely of this new mode of interstitial knowledge for plural innovation. ANNEX. Guideline for a Workshop to develop interstitial knowledge and innovations. Stage one: Presentation of the title of the experiment "WORKSHOP OF NEW KNOWLEDGE AND INTERSTITIAL INNOVATION" that is going to be realized and that has for objective that the group arrives to what knowledge it has found that did not have at the beginning and that if this knowledge is of utility for an innovation process. Stage two: Choose a group of 4 or 5 people with different studies, training or work background that will participate in the experiment and that are presented to the rest, mainly by their training, skills, interests and professional experiences and to give brief presentation on what who believe that they will experiment. Stage three: Give an explanation about the definition and meaning of a zone of knowledge and plural interstitial innovation, the processes that will be followed and the presumed results obtained at the end of the experiment. Stage four: Choice of the themes or elements that are chosen for the experiment, at least three themes or elements and delivery of the sources from which they can obtain precise information about their definitions, properties, characteristics, attributes and other antecedents. Stage five: Invite the participants to carry out a simple union or intersection experiment of the selected topics and make a free discussion about the unions obtained with two, three or more of them and review and evaluate the quality of the results obtained. This is the use of the Medici Effect that gives very important results in the development of new knowledge and bases to innovate. These results are recorded on video to deliver to the participants at the end. Stage six: Once a significant breakthrough is reached for the group in terms of attributes and characteristics that are most attractive to continue the experiment, they begin to relate them in an open manner, leaving the attributes they have chosen and the novelty as clearly as possible of the result and the opinion of the rest of the group is asked. This is the most important part of the process because it is where you get to establish the power of the method to arrive at new or very new results that mean knowledge that can be the basis for powerful innovations. Stage seven: The group fills out the document "INTERSTITIAL KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION FROM THE SELECTED TOPICS" This document is given to each participant and it is made clear that the results belong to each one of the members and that the supplier of the Workshop does not can make use of the results unless there is written acceptance of the participants. Stage eight: Closing of the Workshop and delivery of certificates. Bibliography.